How A JFET Works

The JFET Is A Voltage Operated Transistor

Fig 3.1.16a JFET Operation Below "Pinch Off"

In the N channel device, the N channel is sandwiched between two P type regions (the gate and the substrate). These regions are connected together to form the gate. The N type channel is connected via the more heavily doped N+ type drain to a positive supply. N+ type silicon is more heavily doped thatn N type. This gives it a lower resistivity, increasing conduction. It also reduces the effect of placing standard N type silicon next to the aluminium connector, which because aluminium is a tri-valent material and silicon has four valent electrons, would tend to create a junction, similar in effect to a PN junction at this point.

The P type gate is at 0V and is therefore negatively biased compared to the channel, which has a potential gradient on it as one end is connected to 0 volts n (the source) and the other to a positive voltage (the drain). Any point on the channel(apart from the extreme end near the source terminal) must therefore be more positve than the gate Therefore the two PN junctions formed between the N type channel and the P type areas of the gate and the substrate are both reverse biased; both junctions therefore have a depletion layer that extends into the channel as shown in Fig 3.1.16a.

The shape of the depletion layer is not symmetrical, as can be seen from fig 3.1.16a. It is generally thicker towards the drain end of the channel. This is because the voltage on the drain is more positive than that on the source, due to voltage gradient that exists along the channel. This causes a larger potential across the junctions nearer the drain, and hence a thickening of the depletion layer. This effect becomes more marked when the voltage between drain and source is greater than about 1volt or so.

Fig 3.1.16b JFET Operation Above "Pinch Off"

When a voltage is applied between drain and source (V_DS) current flows. Now if V_DS is increased (with V_GS held steady) towards what is called the pinch off value V_P, the drain current I_D also at first, increases. The transistor is working in the mode shown in fig 3.1.16a.

However as drain source voltage V_DS increases, the depletion layers at the gate junctions are also becoming thicker and so narrowing the N type channel available for conduction. There comes a point, known as "pinch off" where the depletion layers have almost met, as shown in fig 3.1.16b. At this point the voltage between drain and source is called the pinch off voltage V_P and is a value generally a little higher than the voltage V_GS between gate and source. Above this point there is little further increase in drain current. With the JFET biased in this way, a small change in V_GS can be used to control the current through the source - drain channel.

This type of operation gives the fairly flat top to the output characteristics shown in fig 3.1.17a. Notice that each curve is drawn for a particular value of negative voltage between gate and source, and that when sufficient reverse bias is applied to the gate (e.g. more than -2.5V; the lowest value on the graph) the drain current ceases completely.

Fig 3.1.17a JFET Output Characteristic

In the JFET output characteristics shown in fig 3.1.17a, because the curves are very nearly horizontal at voltages greater than the pinch off voltage. This must mean that the there is little change in current for faily big changes in voltage, therefore the resistance of the JFET channel has become very high after pinch off.

Fig 3.1.17b JFET Transfer Characteristic

The transfer characteristic for a JFET, which shows the change in drain current for a given change in gate source voltage, is shown in fig 3.1.17b. Because the JFET is a voltage operated device we cannot talk of current gain as we do with bipolar transistors. The drain current is controlled by gate source voltage so the graph shows milliamperes per volt (mA/V). As I/V is CONDUCTANCE (the inverse of resistance V/I) we call the slope of this graph (the gain of the device) the FORWARD or MUTUAL TRANSCONDUCTANCE, which has the symbol g_m. Thus the higher the value of g_m the greater the amplification

Notice that V_GS is always shown as being negative; in reality it may be zero or slightly above zero, but the gate is always more negative than the N type channel between source and drain. Note also that the slope of the curve in the transfer characteristic is less steep than that of the transfer characteristic for a typical bipolar transistor (compare figs 3.1.17b and 3.1.7). This means that a JFET will have a lower gain than that of a bipolar transistor.

This disadvantage is offset by the advantage of having an extremely high input resistance. A typical input resistance for a JFET would be in the region of 1 x 10¹⁰ ohms (10,000 Megohms!) compared with 2 to 3 Kohms for a bipolar device.

This makes the JFET ideal for applications where the circuit or device driving the JFET amplifier cannot supply any appreciable current, an example being the Electret microphone, which uses a FET within the microphone to amplify the tiny voltage variations appearing across the vibrating diaphragm element.

JFETs

(Junction Field Effect Transistors)

Although there are lots of confusing names for field effect transistors (FETs) there are basically two main types. The reverse biased PN junction types; the JFET or Junction FET, (these are also called the JUGFET or Junction Unipolar Gate FET), and the insulated gate FET devices (IGFET). All FETs can be called UNIPOLAR devices because the charge carriers that carry the current through the device are all of the same type i.e. either holes or electrons, but not both. This distinguishes FETs from the bipolar devices in which both holes and electrons are responsible for current flow in any one device.

The JFET

This was the earliest FET device available. It is a voltage-controlled device in which current flows from the SOURCE terminal (equivalent to the emitter in a bipolar transistor) to the DRAIN (equivalent to the collector). A VOLTAGE applied between the source terminal and a GATE terminal (equivalent to the base) is used to control the source - drain current. The main difference between a JFET and a bipolar transistor is that in a JFET no gate current flows, the current through the device is controlled by an electric field, hence "Field effect transistor". The JFET construction and circuit symbols are shown in fig 3.1.15.

Fig 3.1.15a JFET Construction

Fig 3.1.15b JFET Circuit symbols

Fig 3.1.15a shows the cross section of a junction FET (JFET) The load current flows through the device from source to drain along a channel made of N type silicon. Hence the majority charge carriers are electrons.

P channel JFETs are also available and the principle of operation is the same as the N channel type described here; but polarities of the voltages that are of course reversed and the charge carriers are holes.